Expensive Medical Technology Case Essay

Most developed countries lead a large proportion of their wellness budgets on expensive medical examination applied science and procedures. This money should be spent instead on wellness education to keep populate well. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?Give reasons for your answer and include any pertinent examples from your own knowledge or experience. You should write at least 250 words. decideThe idea of diverting the money assigned for expensive medical engine room and procedures towards health education will not ensure the health of the mass.Firstly, health education has only a limited role in dealing with a large number health related problems. For example, in guild to treat patients who meet with serious accidents huge expenses argon take to mention and perform medical procedures. Many diseases like cancers and strokes cannot be avoided just by educating people about preventive measures. Furthermore, there are galore(postnominal) diseases that are hereditary, like heart ailments and psychiatric problem which require expensive treatment.Secondly, in spite of continuous sense programmes through the media or education, many people do not have the discipline to keep away from carbuncled practices. An ideal example would be the increasing popularity of fast foods, which can make water many life style diseases like blood pressure, cardiac problems and diabetes, particularly among the young. Educating people about taking precautions against diseases is definitely an important aspect of ensuring the health of the people, but greater importance should be given to treatment of people who are affected by diseases.On the other hand, health knowingness programmes have made great contributions in reducing spread of many epidemics like small pox, bird flu and other viral infections. heap have realised the importance of living in a healthful environments in order to keep away from many common ailments. The legal profession of AIDS has been made possible through the world wide awareness programme undertaken by WHO and similar organisations. Greater tryst of funds is required in this area of healthcare but it should not be at the expense of reducing the expenses involved in expensive medical technology and procedures.In conclusion, the present system of giving greater budgetary allocation to expensive medical care is reasonable.

BHL Assessment

Advise curtsy of his contr human actionual sign ups to manner Ltd. In particular, assess and evaluate his common law duties in comparison to contractual obligations as an employee and the potential offspring of breach. A contract of employment whitethorn be compose or verbal and there is non a lawful wad for an employer to supply the employee with a written contract. even so downstairs the Employment Rights Act 1 996 Section 1 (1) a written statement of particulars is required and under Section 1(2) this whitethorn be devoted in installments only if non any longer than two months later the employment has started.Contracts contain foothold which croupe any be express or implied and it is eventful for employers to think cargon repletey when creating a contract as it whitethorn need to be relied upon in the future should any dispute or ambiguity arise. Daniels (201 2 foliate 35) defines expressed equipment casualty as verges that absorb been discussed and agree d among the employer and employee they may non be in writing and they cannot diminish statutory rights. She defines implied terms as those that have not been specifically agreed between the employer and employee but argon derived from collective obligation, statute, customs profession and practice and the courts.Examples of what is considered express terms include the aggregate of sick, holiday and verbosity pay and the amount of wages or hours expected to be worked. Implied terms are different in that they will be the same for just about contracts of employment no affaire what the activity is including duties owed to the employee by the employer and vice versa much(prenominal) as the transaction to pay etc. Bob should be apprised that under common law there are reliable duties owed by him as an employee to his employer modality Ltd.Emir (2012 summon 307) states Since the relationship between employer and employee is integrity of want ND confidence the law implies i nto the contract of employment the term that either employee should serve his employer trustfulnessfully. In regards to all of the articles and what Bob is currently doing which is working for a competitor in his spare sentence he is already breaching hotshot of the first of all common law duties which is the concern of faithful do, Emir (2012 page 308) states that It is a breach of the employees commerce of faithful service to compete with the employer maculation he is lifelessness employed.The parts of Adamson v B & L alter service of processs Ltd (1995) and Ward Evans Financial Services Ltd v Fox (2001 ) are examples of not only a breach of faithful service but withal of fidelity which will be discussed further on. Clause champion instructs Bob that he is not to devote any term that should be spent in work on any opposite demarcation or charitable endeavourer unless he has written consent by the smart set.This clause set out by WAY Ltd is not reasonable in t he representation it is worded, as in some cases Bob has a duty to devote his time that should be spent in work to other affairs if it is necessary. One example of this would be jury duty which anyone coming together the specific criteria is obliged to take part in unless there are specific and exceptional resistances, and to enforce that Bob essential have it in writing before he is to attend much(prenominal) activities is not reasonable.If it were build that this clause was unreasonable and accordingly the clause may become invalid. However if it was determined to be fair and then this case would be akin to Wishes Dairies v Smith (1935) where the legal principle identified was that the duty of fidelity lasts until the employment has ended. Although Bob has not yet breached this duty, he has breached some(prenominal) others relating to this the first one being a duty of mutual trust and confidence.In the case of Mali v BCC AS (in Liz) 1997) master key Steen stated the em ployer shall not without reasonable and fitting cause, conduct itself in a manner calculated and likely to unload or seriously molest the relationship of confidence and trust between employer and employee (Painter and Holmes 2012 page 145). The term mutual means joint or twain(prenominal) in agreement so this statement works both ways in that the employee overly has an implied duty not to act in such(prenominal) a way that would upset or cause animosity among employer and employee. Bob has broken this duty by working for a competitor even though it may be in his spare time.It should also be recognized that although Bob appears to be a aged engineer, if he is having to work for another high society in his free time due to the line of merchandise not doing as well as it has been then he must be on commission or a zero hour contract as if he was on a fixed term or full time contract his pay would remain the same no matter what hours he worked. Clause two states that during the period of his employment Bob should not partake in any other work which may be active the way in which he carries out his own work for WAY Ltd. The modern practice of moonlighting whereby an employee undertakes spare-time work outside his employment ours can advance problems, particularly if the work is in competition with the employers business (Emir 201 2 page 318). The case of Gray v C & P Pembroke Ltd (1972) which is similar to Bobs stain supports this idea that working for a competitor is not deemed acceptable if it is expressed in the contract otherwise, however Frame v McKenna and Graham Ltd (1974) set that it was acceptable if it not mentioned in the contract of employment.Cases which would suggest Bob is in breach of his common law duties if followed would be Havoc Ltd V parking area Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd (1946), Nearby Dean of Westminster (1999), Lewis v Underworld Garages Ltd (1986), study v Attorney General (1951 ) and the most recent case of Vegetarian v Churchill Group Ltd (2013). Moonlighting links with the reasoning that a fiduciary duty should represent among employers and employees.Lord Wolfs gull on fiduciary duty is that The employer is entitled to the single-minded verity of his employee. The employee must act in groovy faith he must not make a profit out of his trust he must not place himself in a position where his duty and his interest may conflict he may not act for his own benefit or he benefit of a leash party without the informed consent of his employer (Broodier 2012 page 1).However there is an argument as to how far this fiduciary relationship goes and it was recognized in the case of University of Nottingham v Tweet (1999) that ambiguous terminology may cause confusion as to the nature of the relationship between employer and employee. Although the common law duties require loyalty, good faith and honesty, to assume that an employee is to give his/her all to their employer and that the contract of employmen t is a fiduciary one is false. However the case of Helmet Integrated Systems Ltd v Tundra (2006) is a contrast in to the extent of fiduciary duty that is owed.The cases of Bell v Lever Brow (1931 ) and Osborn Corp. v Reecho (1984) are cases involving a senior member of the team and it is often applied that they have a great duty owing to the employer to disclose their own misconduct than perhaps an employee would have. In clause two however, the restriction may be considered too vast in that it restricts him from undertaking any work which may prejudicially affect his skill to draw out out his work for WAY and says that over again it will be at he discretion of the company.It may be deemed UN-reasonable to consider that the company would need to be informed of ein truth activity carried out in Bobs spare time and that it would be up to them to make a finding about how prejudicial it is. Painter and Holmes (2012 page 151) state that The courts are very reluctant to accept that what workers do in their spare time should be of any concern of the employer as in Nova Plastics Ltd v Forget (1982). However, sometimes they are bound to do so. This statement emphasizes that although it is in the interest of the employer to be aware of hat their employees do in their spare time, the clause curb Bob from carrying out any activity in his spare time unless the company has agreed may be to wide and unreasonable. A duty of fidelity is owed under common law and ensures that Employees must not carry out activities that clearly conflict with the duty that they owe to their employer (Daniels 2012 page 44).The obligation not to compete with an employer can be regarded as an expressed term and included as a regulative covenant. Although he has already breached this duty by working for a competitor WAY could limit this damage further if there was a restrictive lease in the contract indicating that Bob could not set up a competing business such as the partnership he wishes t o indulge himself in with Michael for a certain period of time and within a certain geographical status if it is deemed reasonable.Bobs case is similar to the one of Sanders v parry (1967) backed up by Coleman Dammar Ltd v Sakes (2001 however the cases of Helmet Integrated Systems Ltd v Tundra (2006), customer Systems Pl v Ransom (2012) and Tim Russ & Co v Robertson (2011) all indicate that it can be difficult to enforce these covenants if they are not deemed reasonable or the employee can prove it was after the course of employment had ended.Along with a restrictive covenant being inserted to non-compete, if a garden allow clause were also present then it would prevent Bob from competing with WAY by way out to another business such as Michaels or prevent him from background knowledge up his own business within a certain amount of time. This clause is often inserted as it can be unclear what the recitation of the courts will be regarding non restrictive covenants and employers wish to protect themselves from the possibility of employees go forth to work for a competing equines and taking with them knowledge they may have gained from the company.Garden kick in was brought to the attention of the courts in the case of William Hill Organization Ltd Tucker (1998) as if the courts purport the clause is too wide or UN reasonable, it may not be imposed as Simian Ltd v Christensen (2000). Garden leave often arises after the notice of termination of employment has been given either by the employer or employee and does not always have to be expressed in the contract to be effective but it can sometimes be imposed by the courts at a later while as in Christie v Johnston Carmichael (2010) and SO and R Valuation Service co LLC v Boudoirs (2008).The courts may also decide to modify the clause and not to render it completely inadmissible if they feel it may De-skill the workers if they have too much time off as in presbyopic Financial Group Pl v Hayward (1988) and GHZ Group Inc v bilestone (1993), but in certain cases they may uphold the clause if they feel it is fair as in Euro Brokers Ltd v Rabbet (1995) and Evening company Standard v Henderson (1987). The third clause identifies the common law clause of confidentiality and again utility in which the employee is expected to operate in such a way as not to disclose confidential nurture about his employer.The fundamental case for this duty is Faced Chicken Ltd v Fowler (1985) in which the Court of Appeal recognized that there is a disparity in duties owed by an employee who works for the company now and an employee who has left and gave several guidelines which indicated what information would be regarded as confidential. Bob would owe a great duty of confidentiality to WAY at the moment as he is still operating as one of their employees compared to he situation he would be in if he left as the responsibility would be lessen but not diminished.In the case of Rob v Green (1895) Lord Ashe r MR. said l think in a contract of service the Court must imply such a stipulation as I have mentioned (ii, that the servant will act with good faith towards his master), because it is a thing which must necessarily have been in view of both parties when they entered in to the contract (Smith and Thomas 2008 page 169). The confidentiality clause is important as is protects both the employer and employee from any unnecessary information being disclose about either party.If Bob were to disclose information to Michael about Highways set strategy then he would be breaching his contract terms which may give reason for a fair dismissal or if he discloses it once he has left the company whether it be to Michael or anyone else then an injunction may be granted stopping him from disclosing the information. If it can be proved that the employee or ex employee has passed on confidential information and that the business has suffered a loss as a result as in Sanders v Parry (1967) and Ansell rubber eraser Co v Allied Rubber Industries (1 972), then damages may be awarded to the employer.When deciding the potential outcome of breach in this case it is important to look at both sides of the employer WAY and employee Bob. In regards to the first clause, it raises the question of whether it is fair and reasonable to be imposed as discussed in paragraph triad and if it is not then the employee Bob is not bound by it and there fore would not be in breach of it.If it is found acceptable Bob has not breached it yet as he is working for Michael in his own time and not during his working hours, however if he were to breach this clause then he may be fairly dismissed by WAY under the principles et out in Wishes Dairies v Smith and any gelt made by Bob could be obtained by WAY as damages if they were to take him to court. Bob has breached clause two as he is working for a competitor of the business and it is within the same trade that he works in now.As a result Of this breach again he may be dismissed with support of the cases of Gibson v topic Union of Dyers, Bleachers and Textile Workers (1972) and Gray v C & Pembroke Ltd (1972). Clause three amounts to the highest breach of all with an almost certainty of summary dismissal if he informs Michael of his employers pricing tragedy as it is a breach of fidelity. Although clause one and two are significantly serious there may be situations where ACS may try and resolve the situation if it is in the interest of both parties and a solution may be sought after.

Questions: International Trade Theory

Chapter 05 Inter topic stack possibleness authoritative / False Questions 1. (p. 161) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, mer cornerstonetilism advocated that countries should discourage twain imports and tidy sums. senseless(prenominal) AACSB analytical BT companionship barrier diff physical exertion skill documentary 5-1 takings An Overview of manage conjecture 2. (p. 161) Free passel refers to a locating where a administration look fors to influence finished quotas or duties what its citizens brush saturnine misdirect from an an separate(a)(prenominal) do principal(prenominal)(prenominal), or what they back tooth formulate and lead astray to an different orbit. FALSE AACSB uninflected BT cognition difficulty motiveless eruditeness nonsubjective 5-1 field An Overview of tack scheme 3. (p. 61) Proposed in 1776, David Ricardos hypodissertation was the commencement to condone wherefore unrestricted lax divvy up is unspoiled to a unc outh. FALSE AACSB analytic BT acquaintance hassle unprovoked discipline accusative 5-1 politics issue An Overview of hand surmisal 4. (p. 161) harmonize to pass metalworker, the unperceivable hand of the market mechanism, sort of than government indemnity, should determine what a clownish imports and what it exports. accredited AACSB analytic BT intimacy obstruction aristocratical schooling documentary 5-1 egress An Overview of Trade conjecture 5. (p. 161) Nineteenth century English economist David Ricardo popularized a laissez-fair stance of government towards sof twood.FALSE AACSB analytical BT friendship problem favourable acquirement physical object 5-1 musical theme An Overview of Trade system 6. (p. 162) The great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin is that they identify the specific get aheads of multinational trading. truthful AACSB uninflected BT cognition impediment well-fixed study aim 5-1 event An O verview of Trade possible action 7. (p. 162) A untaughts thriftiness would take a shit either if its citizens bar happen upon fruits that atomic number 18 made in that country. FALSE AACSB analytical BT noesis difficulty favourable culture intent 5-1 subject field An Overview of Trade surmise 8. p. 163) During the 1980s, economist such as Paul Krugman develop what has come to be known as the late backup surmisal. true AACSB analytic BT familiarity difficultness prosperous eruditeness clinical 5-1 payoff An Overview of Trade Theory 9. (p. 164) The first guess of transnational sh be emerged in England in the mid-16th century. Referred to as the guess of comparative degree degree service, its principle assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to agile medico. FALSE AACSB analytic BT knowledge hassle balmy learn neutral 5-2 bailiwick commercialism 0. (p. 164) The main article of belief of commer cialism was that it was in a countrys trump out interests to maintain a cope surplus. TRUE AACSB analytical BT companionship bar prosperous breeding target 5-2 root Mer roll in the haytilism 11. (p. 165) Zero-sum game refers to a locating in which an stinting gain by one country results in an scotch disvantage by an other(a). TRUE AACSB analytic BT cognition obstruction Easy information documentary 5-2 issuance Mer back toothtilism 12. (p. 165) A positive-sum game refers to a shoes in which find out industrial nations can benefit even if well-nigh of them argon able to benefit to a greater extent than others.FALSE AACSB analytical BT experience both(prenominal)er Easy acquisition objective 5-2 composition Mercantilism 13. (p. 165) If a country is more woo-efficient than any other country in the intersection of a product, it has what is known as definitive vantage in the employment of that product. FALSE AACSB analytic BT Knowledge bar Easy learning purpose 5-2 Topic peremptory reinforcement 14. (p. 165) In his 1776 landmark book, The Wealth of Nations, tour Smith supported the mercantilist assumption that lot is a zero-sum game. FALSE AACSB uninflected BT Knowledge encumbrance Easy t separatelying fair game 5-2Topic coercive favour 15. (p. 165) agree to Adam Smith, countries should differentiate in the labor of goods for which they start out an implicit profit and so commerce these for goods breakd by other countries. TRUE AACSB analytical BT Knowledge bar Easy information documental 5-2 Topic infinite esteem 16. (p. 167-168) Ricardos guess of matched good says that it is logical for a country to assign in the labor of goods that it produces nigh(prenominal) efficiently and to export goods that it produces less efficiently. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledgefuss Easy nurture heading 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 17. (p. 170) The rudimentary message of the possible action of comparative prefer is that potential beingness production is greater with unrestricted free contend than it is with restricted get by. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge obstruction Easy nurture verifiable 5-3 Topic relative returns 18. (p. 170) Smiths hypothesis suggests that catchrs in all nations can consume more if thither are no restrictions on art. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge worry Easy Learning accusive 5-3 Topic isotropyal receipts 19. (p. 70) Ricardos guess is so powerful that it remains a major intellectual weapon for advocates of free care. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning design 5-3 Topic proportional Advantage 20. (p. 170-171) Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson argued that contrary to the ideal interpretation, in accredited circumstances the possibleness of comparative proceeds prophesys that a rich country capacity rattling be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor country. TRUE AACSB musing thought tr eat BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning physical object 5-3Topic comparative degree Advantage 21. (p. 171) Embracing a free trade regime for an innovative thrift often implies that the country will produce less of any(prenominal)(prenominal) labor-intensive goods and more of some knowledge-intensive goods, TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning butt 5-3 Topic comparative degree Advantage 22. (p. 172) The comparative payoff model assumed that trade does not careen a countrys agate line of resources or the efficiency with which it utilizes those resources. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning design 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 23. (p. 74) A study over the 1950-1998 period revealed that countries that liberalized their trade regimes experienced, on average, increases in their annual branch rates of 15 percent compared to preliberalization times. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning prey 5-3 Topic Comparati ve Advantage 24. (p. 175) condescension the short-term adjustment cost associated with adopting a free trade regime, trade would seem to produce a greater economic suppuration and high living standards in the long run, just as Ricardos scheme leads us to expect. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty EasyLearning accusing 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 25. (p. 176) Factor endowments refer to the extent to which a country is en over repayable with such instruments as land, labor, and capital. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning butt 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 26. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin scheme would predict that the united States should be a primary importer of capital goods. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 27. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin speculation has been one of the least influential in outside(a)istic economics.FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 28. (p. 176) close to economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin possibility to Ricardos speculation be typesetters case it breaks fewer simplifying assumptions and it has been subjected to many empirical tests. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 29. (p. 177) Wassily Leontiefs system of the product life-cycle was based on the observation that for just about of the twentieth century, a very enormous proportion of the military personnels refreshing products were develop by distant nations and sell in he U. S. market. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The result Life-Cycle Theory 30. (p. 177) Vernon argued that early in the life cycle of a natural tonic product, while carry is starting to grow rapidly in the unify States, bespeak in other ripe(p) countries is unattached to all income groups. FALSE AACSB A nalytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The product Life-Cycle Theory 31. (p. 178) Historically, the product life-cycle possibility seems not to be an accurate explanation of international trade conventionalisms. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT KnowledgeDifficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 32. (p. 178) Viewed from an Asian or European perspective, Vernons stemma that almost crude products are highly-developed and introduced in the United States is ethnocentric. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 33. (p. 180) The saucy trade theory began to emerge in the 1970s when a number of economists passed out that the talent of firms to attain economies of shield efficacy have important implications for international trade. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty EasyLearning Objective 5-2 Topic impertinently Trade Theory 34. (p. 180) In industries wher e economies of scale are important, both the variety of goods that a country can produce and the scale of production are particular(a) by the size of it of the market. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic bare-assed Trade Theory 35. (p. 184) In sum, Porters argument is that the degree to which a nation is likely to achieve international success in a certain industry is a blend in of the combined tint of factor endowments, domestic demand conditions, related and backup industries, and lack of domestic rivalry.FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic case agonistic Advantage Porters rhombus 36. (p. 185) accord to Porter, advanced factors are the most momentous for hawkish advantage. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic foot(a) belligerent Advantage Porters Diamond 37. (p. 188) According to Michael Porter, factor endowments can be affected by subsidies, policies toward capital markets, and policies toward education. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4Topic study private-enterprise(a) Advantage Porters Diamond 38. (p. 189) The individual firm should assign substantial financial resources in laborious to build a first-mover, even if that means several years of losings in the lead a new venture becomes profitable. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic focalisation on managerial Implications 39. (p. 189) Beca pulmonary tuberculosis of their frigid role in international trade, contrastes are at the mercy of government trade policy. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on managerial Implications 40. (p. 90) According to Porters theory of national warlike advantage, a firm should rank in upgrading advanced factors of production beca persona it is in the high hat interest of backing for a firm to do so. T RUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on managerial Implications Multiple Choice Questions 41. (p. 161) Which of the fol beginninging is best identified by grammatical construction it is the absence of government-imposed barriers to the free flow of goods and services betwixt countries? A. Free trade B. Mercantilism C. Socialism D. Market system AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty EasyLearning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 42. (p. 161) _____ refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and move to another country. A. Mercantile trade B. Free trade C. Clear commerce D. Unencumbered commerce AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 43. (p. 161) David Ricardo advanced the A. new trade theory. B. product life-cycle theory. C. comparative a dvantage theory. D. factor endowment theory. AACSB AnalyticBT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 44. (p. 161) The theory of comparative advantage, advanced by _____, is the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade. A. Michael Porter B. David Ricardo C. Bertil Ohlin D. Adam Smith AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 45. (p. 162) How do countries economies gain from international trade? A. Country can specialize in the manufacturing of products that are produced most efficiently in other countries. B. Citizens should buy only those roducts that are produced domestically. C. Since it is of interest to domestic producers, countries benefit from international trade. D. Countries can import products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty long suit Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of T rade Theory 46. (p. 162) With their future threatened by imports, _____ textile companies and their employees have tried hard to persuade the government to limit the importation of textiles by demanding quotas and tariffs. A. Chinese B. Indian C. Japanese D. U. S. AACSB Analytic BT KnowledgeDifficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 47. (p. 162-163) humour and natural resource endowments apologize why all of the following happen EXCEPT A. Brazil exports coffee. B. Iceland exports oranges. C. chinaware exports crawfish. D. Saudi Arabia exports oil. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 48. (p. 164) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, _____ advocated that countries should at the same time encourage exports and discourage imports. A. ethnocentrism B. capitalism C. collectivism D. mercantilismAACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 49. (p. 164) Which of the following statements most accurately captures the main tenet of mercantilism? A. It is in a countrys best interests to not export products to less developed countries. B. It is in a countrys best interests to import products that are most efficiently produced at kin. C. It is in a countrys best interests to import less specialized goods than to attempt to grow them at home. D. It is in a countrys best interests to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imports. AACSB pondering ideaBT comprehension Difficulty fair Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 50. (p. 164) Considered to be the first theory of international trade, _____ headliner assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. A. collectivisms B. mercantilisms C. capitalisms D. economic conservatisms AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 51. (p. 164) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the central beliefs of mercantilism? A. Government should intervene to achieve a surplus in the match of trade.B. Policies should be put in place to minimize exports and maximize imports. C. Imports should be special(a) by tariffs and quotas. D. Exports should be subsidized. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty intermediate Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 52. (p. 165) The flaw with mercantilism was that it viewed trade as a A. zero-sum game. B. mutually beneficial activity. C. nonessential economic activity. D. threat to a governments independence. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 53. (p. 165) A situation in which a gain by one party results in a loss by nother is called A. economic independence. B. an unrestricted trade. C. a zero-sum game. D. trade surplus. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 54. (p. 165) The theory of _____ was advanced by Adam S mith. A. unattackable advantage B. comparative advantage C. new trade D. mercantilism AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Absolute Advantage 55. (p. 165) A country is remark as having a(n) _____ in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing that product. A. comparative advantage B. onsumer advantage C. competitive advantage D. inviolable advantage AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Absolute Advantage 56. (p. 165) According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and hence A. retain these goods for strictly domestic sales. B. trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries. C. sell these goods to the highest domestic or international bidder. D. prohibit the import of these goods from other countries. AACSB musing cerebration BT acquaintance Difficulty middling Learning Objective 5-2Topic Absolute Advantage 57. (p. 167) In his 1817 book entitled The Principles of Political Economy, _____ introduced the theory of comparative advantage. A. Adam Smith B. David Ricardo C. Raymond Vernon D. Max Weber AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Comparative Advantage 58. (p. 167-168) A situation in which a country specializes in producing the goods it produces most efficiently and buys the products it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if it could produce the good more efficiently itself is referred to as A. comprehensive advantage. B. pertinent advantage.C. comparative advantage. D. absolute advantage. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Comparative Advantage 59. (p. 170) To an even greater degree than the theory of absolute advantage, the theory of _____ suggests that trade is a positive-sum game in which all gain. A. total advantage B. mercantilism C. comparative advantage D. pa radoxical advantage AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 60. (p. 170) _____ theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if at that place are no restrictions on trade.A. Porters B. Vernons C. Samuelsons D. Ricardos AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 61. (p. 170) Comparative advantage is based on assuming away A. the set up of trade on income distribution inside a country. B. unvarying returns to scale. C. that the resources can move freely from the production of one good to another. D. that free trade does not change the efficiency with which the countries implement their resources. AACSB musing idea BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 2. (p. 170-171) _____ argued that contrary to the standard interpretation, in certain circumstances the theory of comparative advantage predicts that a rich coun try might actually be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor nation. A. Raymond Vernon B. Andrew Warner C. Paul Samuelson D. Jeffery Sachs AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 63. (p. 171) Which of the following is an issue with the constant returns to strength assumption? A. Constant returns to specialization imply a concave PPF. B.Constant returns to specialization suggest that the gains from specialization are likely to be exhausted before specialization is complete. C. It is feasible for a country to specialize to a point where the resulting gains from trade are outweighed by diminishing returns. D. Resources are of different eccentric and hence more units are required to produce each additional unit. AACSB pondering persuasion BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 64. (p. 171) In comparative advantage, the assumption is that resources can move freely from production of one good to another.Why is this assumption wild? A. The process of shifting resources from one good to another negociates human suffering. B. The benefit of free trade is much lesser compared to the cost of shifting resources. C. The process of moving resources causes friction and human suffering. D. Resources move easily from one economic activity to the other. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 65. (p. 171) The gains from trade once the renewing toward free trade has been made A. eliminates human suffering. B. auses resources to easily shift among economic activities. C. is lesser than the cost of shifting resources. D. are both hearty and enduring. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 66. (p. 173) What would be the consequences of dynamic gains in both the stock of a countrys resources and the efficiency w ith which resources are utilized? A. It will cause the countrys PPF to be in a bell-shaped curve. B. The country can produce more goods than it did before free trade. C. Dynamic gains would lead to an outcome that is beneficial under all circumstances.D. The country will achieve constant returns to specialization. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 67. (p. 173) What was Samuelsons criticism of free trade? A. He argued that in some circumstances, dynamic gains can lead to an outcome that is beneficial for the country. B. He argued that offshoring service jobs that were traditionally mobile will increase the market illumination wage rate. C. He favored introducing protectionist measures to guard against the theoretical harmful effects of free trade. D.He argued that being able to purchase groceries 20 percent cheaper at Wal-Mart does not necessarily make up for the wage losses. AACSB Reflective thinking BT C omprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 68. (p. 174) _____ and _____ created a measure of how open to international trade an economy was and then looked at the relationship between openness and economic growth for a sample of more than 100 countries from 1970 to 1990. A. Ricardo Smith B. Warner Sachs C. Porter Vernon D. Samuelson Ohlin AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty EasyLearning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 69. (p. 176) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the number of international trade is determined by differences in A. productivity. B. governmental interests. C. factor endowments. D. national priorities. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 70. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory A. argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments. B. argues that differences in labor productivity between nations be the notion of comparative advantage. C. redicts that countries will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant. D. is less favored than Ricardos theory because it makes many simplifying assumptions. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 71. (p. 176) Which theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importation goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Smith-Ricardo B. Vernon-Samuelson C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Carrier-Roller AACSB AnalyticBT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 72. (p. 176) Which of the following statements is a fair equivalence of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and the Ricardo theory of free trade? A. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by up-to-dateness exchange rates. B. unalike Ricardos t heory, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments, rather than differences in productivity. C. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by constant returns to specialization.D. Unlike the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, Ricardos theory makes fewer simplifying assumptions. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 73. (p. 176) According to the text, most economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardos theory because A. it makes fewer simplifying assumptions. B. it predicts trade patterns with greater accuracy. C. Ricardos theory is less accurate due(p) to the Leontief paradox. D. many of the empirical tests have raised questions about the validity of Ricardos theory. AACSB Reflective thinking BT ComprehensionDifficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 74. (p. 176) The Hecksc her-Ohlin theory has a(n) _____ appeal. A. political B. commonsense C. economic D. cost efficiency AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 75. (p. 176) unconnected to what the Heckscher-Ohlin theory would predict, the United States has been a primary importer rather than an exporter of capital goods. This phenomenon is referred to as the _____ paradox. A. Theler B. Leontief C. Cormier D. Ricardo AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 76. (p. 176) What is a possible explanation for observing the Leontief paradox? A. The U. S. imports goods that heavily use practised labor and innovative entrepreneurship. B. The U. S. has a special advantage in producing new products made with innovative technologies. C. The U. S. exports heavy manufacturing products that use large amounts of capital. D. The U. S. has a unanimous absolute advantage over all other foreign nations because o f its resource capabilities. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 77. (p. 76) Of the following, whose theory predicted that countries would export goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Ricardo B. Porter C. Leontief D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 78. (p. 176) The _____ occurred due to the findings that U. S. exports were less capital-intensive than U. S. imports. A. theory of rising costs B. Leontief paradox C. theory of comparative advantage D. diminishing returns to specialization AACSB AnalyticBT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 79. (p. 177) David Ricardos theory of comparative advantage attempts to rationalize why some countries export automobiles, consumer electroni cs, and machine tools, while other countries export chemicals, watches, and jewelry. This rationalization is best explained in terms of A. absolute advantage in terms of resources. B. international differences in labor productivity. C. the proportions in which the factors of production are available. D. the cultural histories of the exporting nations. AACSB Reflective thinking BT ComprehensionDifficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 80. (p. 177) Raymond Vernon proposed the product life cycle in the mid-1960s. Vernon argued that two factors gave the U. S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products. These two factors were _____ and A. low cost number of industries. B. market size types of competitors. C. wealth size of the U. S. market. D. low income groups low cost of U. S. labor. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 81. (p. 177) Vernons product life-cycle theory was based on the observation hat for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the worlds new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the _____ market. A. Japanese B. Western European C. U. S. D. Canadian AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 82. (p. 177) Vernon argues that early in the life cycle of a true new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries A. remains control to high income groups. B. necessitates imports to the U. S. C. attracts manufacturing possibilities.D. limits exports from U. S. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 83. (p. 178) As the market in the U. S. and other advanced nations matures, the product becomes more standardized and price becomes A. governmentally regulated. B. greater. C. unimportant. D. the main competitive weapon. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 84. (p. 178) Which of the following has historically been noted as being an accurate explanation for international trade patterns?A. Product life-cycle theory B. Absolute advantage theory C. warlike advantage theory D. Heckscher-Ohlin theory AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 85. (p. 178) According to the text, historically the product-life-cycle theory is a(n) A. relevant theory in the modern world. B. accurate explanation of international trade patterns. C. moral of culturally relative theories. D. without any weakness. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 86. (p. 78) Which of the following theories might better explain why certain components are produced in certain locations and why the final product is assembled elsewhere? A. New trade B. Comparative advantage C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Product life-cycle AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 87. (p. 180) The _____ theory began to emerge in the 1970s when some economists pointed out the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. A. sense of balanced trade B. Heckscher-Ohlin C. new trade D. product life-cycleAACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic New Trade Theory 88. (p. 180) _____ are unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output. A. Comparative advantages B. Factor endowments C. Economies of scale D. fall returns AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic New Trade Theory 89. (p. 180) Because of substantial economies of scale, the _____ theory argues that trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers. A. comparative advantage B. product life-cycle C. new trade D. Hecksch er-Ohlin AACSB Analytic BT KnowledgeDifficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic New Trade Theory 90. (p. 180) Which of the following theories argues that due to the front man of substantial scale economies, world demand will support only a few firms in many industries? A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. Leontiefs paradox C. Product life-cycle D. New trade AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic New Trade Theory 91. (p. 180) The new trade theory points out that through its adjoin on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and A. reduce the stack of the goods produced. B. eliminate competition.C. lower the costs of the goods. D. reduce the type of the goods produced. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 92. (p. 180) If a national market is small, there may not be enough demand to enable producers to net _____ for certain products. A. high volumes B. economies of sc ale C. low unit costs D. competitive pricing AACSB Analytic BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 93. (p. 181) Which of the following is NOT an index finger of why trade is considered to be mutually beneficial to those involved in it?A. It allows for specialization. B. It allows for production of products at higher prices. C. It affords realization of scale economies. D. It affords production of a larger variety of products. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 94. (p. 181) The economic and strategic advantages that come to early entrants in an industry are called A. first-mover advantages. B. comparative advantages. C. factor endowment advantages. D. first-stage benefits. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3Topic New Trade Theory 95. (p. 181) What of the following is an advantage that first-movers respect? A. Benefit from a high cost stru cture. B. A zero-sum game due to lack of competition. C. Capture scale economies ahead of later entrants. D. Increase trade barriers. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 96. (p. 181) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage with regard to the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate world(a) trade in that product. A. omparative B. late entrant C. first-mover D. constant return AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 97. (p. 182) The new trade theory is at variance with the _____ theory, which suggests that a country will predominate in the export of a product when it is oddly well endowed with those factors used intensively in its manufacture. A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. product life-cycle C. comparative advantage D. Ricardo-Smith AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Tra de Theory 98. (p. 83) In terms of first-mover advantages and international trade, who conducted a study suggestive of the existence of first-mover advantages as an important factor in explaining the dominance of firms from certain nations in specific industries? A. Alfred Chandler B. Michael Porter C. Adam Smith D. Hawker Siddley AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic New Trade Theory 99. (p. 183) Considered by some to be the most contentious implication of the new trade theory is that it generates an argument for _____ and ______. A. high cost production high import tariffs. B. igh volume production low variety of goods. C. weak export entrepreneurship. D. government interference strategic trade policy. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic New Trade Theory 100. (p. 183) The theory of _____, developed by Michael Porter, focuses on determining why some nations succeed and others give-up the ghost in international competition. A. new trade B. absolute advantage C. comparative advantage D. national competitive advantage AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic case Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 01. (p. 183) What was the essential task of Michael Porters national competitive advantage? A. How do nations use their resources efficiently? B. Why does a nation achieve international success in a particular industry? C. How do countries gain first-mover advantages? D. Why has a large proportion of the worlds new products been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market? AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic internal Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 102. (p. 184) Porters suggested four attributes making up the diamond consist of factor endowments, relating and supporting industries, firm strategy and structure, and A. competitive advantage. B. mercantilism. C. constant returns to special ization. D. demand conditions. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic content Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 103. (p. 184) Which of the following indicate the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive? A. Factor endowments B. Firms structure and rivalry C. Relating and supporting industriesD. Demand conditions AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 104. (p. 184) According to Porters diamond, a nations position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the cornerstone requisite to compete in a given industry is best referred to as A. capitalization. B. diminishing returns. C. factor endowments. D. relating industries. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 105. (p. 84) Porters thesis was that four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete, and that these attributes make headway or impede the creation of competitive advantage. exclusively of the following are attributes EXCEPT A. factor endowments. B. first-mover advantages. C. firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. D. relating and supporting industries. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 106. (p. 184) Porter maintains that two additional variables can influence the national diamond in important ways.These two variables are _____ and ______. A. entrepreneurship, strategic trade policies. B. trade shortage, high import tariffs. C. absolute advantage PPF. D. chance government. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 107. (p. 185) In the linguistic context of factor endowments, which of the following are considered to be classed as advanced fac tors? A. Demographics B. Climate and location C. Natural resources D. Skilled labor AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 08. (p. 185) Porter argued that in terms of factor endowments, _____ factors are the most significant for competitive advantage in his study dealing with the competitive advantage of nations. A. constant B. basic C. advanced D. complementary AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 109. (p. 185) Porter argues that a nations firms gain competitive advantage if their domestic consumers are _____ and _______. A. sophisticated demanding. B. ethnocentric rich. C. accommodating uneducated. D. low skilled nationalist. AACSB AnalyticBT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 110. (p. 185) Michael Porter emphasizes the role home demand plays in upgradin g A. competitive advantage. B. factor endowment. C. constant returns to specialization. D. production possibility frontier. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 111. (p. 185) Unlike the naturally endowed basic factors, advanced factors are a product of investment by all of the following EXCEPT A. companies. B. governments. C. demographics.D. individuals. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 112. (p. 187) In Porters model of competitive advantage, the fourth broad attribute is the strategy, structure, and rivalry of firms within a nation. Porter suggested that there is a strong association between _____ and the creation and persistence of competitive advantage in an industry. A. inflation B. vigorous domestic rivalry C. new government regulations and higher taxes D. new product development AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Dif ficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 113. (p. 187) Who argued that successful industries within a country tend to be grouped into clusters of related industries? A. Porter B. Vernon C. Ricardo D. Heckscher AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 114. (p. 187-188) Porter argues that the presence of all components is unremarkably required for the diamond to boost A. international recognition. B. competitive performance. C. corporate affectionate responsibility. D. employee morale. AACSB Analytic BT KnowledgeDifficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 115. (p. 188) We would expect Porters model to predict _____, if he is correct. A. currency exchange rates B. membership in the WTO C. the pattern of international trade D. factor endowments AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Top ic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 116. (p. 189) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage in terms of the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product.A. competitive B. comparative C. absolute D. first-mover AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on managerial Implications 117. (p. 189) The manufacture of standard electronic components is a _____ process requiring semi-skilled labor. A. low cost B. capital-intensive C. labor-intensive D. first-mover advantage AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 118. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, _____ can exert a strong influence on government trade policies.A. individual citizens B. voluntary organizations C. unions D. businesses AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 119. (p. 190) Porters theory of national competitive advantage suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production. The means for accomplishing this include all of the following EXCEPT A. increase research and development activities. B. provide better planning for employees. C. adopt policies that eliminate competition.D. develop methods to improve the skill levels of workers. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 120. (p. 190) According to Porters theory, governments should be urged to _____ that will have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. A. increase trade barriers B. favor unionization C. adopt policies D. restrict import AACSB Analytic BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications Essay Questions 121. p. 161, 164) What is meant by the term free trade? Was Adam Smith an advocate or critic of free trade? Is free trade compatible with the concept of mercantilism? Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. This concept was supported by Adam Smith, who argued that the invisible hand of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports.The concept of mercantilism is not compatible with the concept of free trade. The main tenet of mercantilism is that it is in a countrys best interests to maintain a trade surplus by exporting more than it imports. Consistent with this belief, the mercantilist philosophy advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-1 Learning Objective 5-2 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory, Mercantilism 122. (p. 161) When does free trade occur?Free trade occurs when a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 123. (p. 165) Describe Adam Smiths concept of absolute advantage. According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade those goods for the goods produced by other countries.For instance, during Smiths time, England had an absolute advantage in the production of textiles, and France had an absolute advantage in the production of wine. According to the concept of absolute advantage, it then only makes sense for England to produce textiles (and export them to France), and France to produce wine (and export it to Englan d). Smiths basic argument, therefore, was that a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries.Moreover, Smith argued that by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage, both countries benefit by engaging in trade. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Absolute Advantage 124. (p. 176) Describe the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce.Thus, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory attempts to explain the pattern of international trade that we see in the world economy. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is consistent with the notion of free trade. It also has commonsense appeal, and there are many examples of international commerce that are supportive of the theory. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 125. (p. 177) Describe the central tenant of the product life-cycle theory. Raymond Vernon initially proposed the product life-cycle theory in the mid-1960s.Vernons theory was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century a very large proportion of the worlds new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market. It could be produced abroad at some low-cost location and then exported back into the United States. Vernon went on to argue that early in the life cycle of a usual new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries is limited to high-income groups.The limited initial demand in other advanced countries does not make it worthwhile for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some exports from t he United States to those countries. Over time, demand for the new product grows in other advanced countries (e. g. , Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan). As it does, it becomes worthwhile for foreign producers to begin producing for their home markets. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 126. (p. 80, 182) Describe the new trade theory. How does the new trade theory help us understand why the United States is dominant in the world market for commercial aircraft exports? New trade theory makes two important points First, through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average costs of those goods. Second, in those industries when the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may be able to support only a small number of enterprises.Thus, world trade in certain products may be dominated by countries whose firms were first movers in their production. In such industries, firms that enter the market first build a competitive advantage that is difficult to challenge. Thus, the observed pattern of trade between nations may in part be due to the ability of firms to capture first-mover advantages. New trade theorists argue that the United States is a major exporter of commercial jet aircraft not because it is better endowed with the factors of production required to manufacture aircraft, but because one of the first movers in the industry, Boeing, was a U. S. firm.This dominance is further reinforced because global demand may not be sufficient to profitably support another producer of midsized and large jet aircraft in the industry. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 127. (p. 181) Describe what is meant by first-mover advantages. First -mover advantages are the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry. The ability to capture scale economies ahead of later entrants, and olibanum benefit from a lower cost structure, is an important first-mover advantage.New trade theory argues that for those products where economies of scale are significant and represent a substantial proportion of world demand, the first movers in an industry can gain a scale-based cost advantage that later entrants find almost impossible to match. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 128. (p. 184) Identify and describe the four attributes advanced by Porter. What did Porter conclude from his analysis? The four attributes identified by Porter are as followsFactor Endowments A nations position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry. Demand Conditions The nature of home demand for the industrys product or service. Relating and Supporting Industries The presence or absence in a nation of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry The conditions in the nation governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry.Porter speaks of these four attributes as constituting the diamond. He argues that firms are most likely to succeed in industries or industry segments where the diamond is most favorable. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 129. (p. 188) How does Porters theory predict patterns in international trade? If Porter is correct, we would expect his model to predict the pattern of international trade that we observe in the real world.Countries should be exporting products from those industries where all four components of the diamond a re favorable, while importing in those areas where the components are not favorable. Is he correct? We simply do not know. Porters theory has not been subjected to detailed empirical testing. Much about the theory rings true, but the same can be verbalize for the new trade theory, the theory of comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It may be that each of these theories, which complement each other, explains something about the pattern of international trade.AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-4 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 130. (p. 190) What does Porters theory mention about policy implications? Porters theory of national competitive advantage also contains policy implications. Porters theory suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production for example, to invest in better training for its employees and to increase its commitmen t to research and development.It is also in the best interests of business to lobby the government to adopt policies that have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. Thus, according to Porter, businesses should urge government to increase investment in education, infrastructure, and basic research and to adopt policies that promote strong competition within domestic markets. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications

Drink in Trend: Thailand Essay

Ready to drunkenness afternoon tea ?In the past 1 to 2 eld, ready to take in tea commercialise seem declining. moreover in the prototypal half of 2008, ready to drink tea grocery grew 16% in grocery store value and 13% in cadence while the entire beverage grocery store grew 5% only. This is the result of intense merchandising activities in the commercialize. ?Consumers comprehend that kelvin tea is for health and health whereas black tea is for recreation rootage Pepsi Co Trading Co. , Ltd Source Oishi Source T. C. Pharmaceutical. Total grocery value Bt. 3,600 one thousand thousand Lipton?Lipton is the merchandise attracter of black tea segment (with 80% market make out0 ? In the front half of 2008, Lipton ready to drink tea grew 30%. ?Lipton showed Lipton 9 to fix an human body of Lipton as the expert in tea productions. 3-4 eld ago, Lipton tramp discolour tea was non succeed and withdrew from the market. ?The change point of Lipton 9 is impertinen tly green tea product with 9 kinds of herbs. Asian deal these herbs are good for health. ?Thailand is the first market that for Lipton 9 ?Target chemical group female aged 20-39 years / with health and beauty conscious(p).?A Bt20 billion marketing budget has injected to build awareness of the new product with product trial road shows for 900,000 consumers, advertising through major media channels and moving picture contests on www. lipton9. com. ?Sermsuk expects Lipton 9 to carve out 4-5% of the green tea market this year ? harvest-festival harm of Lipton 9 can Bt. 14 and pet nursing bottleful Bt. 18 ? trace soulfulness Mr. Isaress Sundravorakul, marketing motorcoach of Serm Suk Ms. Ratchada, non change drink theatre theater director, Pepsi Co Oishi.?In order to tap the operable drink trend, Oishi engulfed green tea product with chlorophyll substance in green plant which helps to improve bodys blood circulation and increase atomic number 8 level. ?Marketing budg et for launching Oishi green tea chlorophyll Bt. 10 m ? Key person Tan Paskornnatee, managing director Puriku ?Purikus tangled berry flavor non only creates a big succeeder for the punctuate simply also a new trend and fellowship for ready to drink tea market tea + fruit juice. regular Oishi, the market leader, has to follow and launched Oishi green tea mixed berry flavored at the same size 350 ml.?Puriku fruit clear tea is positioned as diversion drink for teenagers aged 12-17 years instead of functional drink for adult. It is because functional tea drink consumed era to educate consumer and adult with health conscious prefers drinking water and fruit juice. Moreover, teenagers love the sweet and sour discernment of fruit tea. ?Other than shit in 500 ml bottle and monetary valued Bt. 20 as former(a) brands, Puriku put its fruit white tea in smaller bottle 350 ml and sells Bt. 12 a bottle. It gets a well response from teenagers whom live in other provinces and has limit ed discharge money.?Strengthen the brand image by adapting famous duo son band Golf , Mike as conferrer ? Puriku willing launch new flavor every year. Currently Puriku has 4 flavors. ?Key person Suwandee Chaivaroot, marketing manager Zenya ?Zenya has released two functional green tea products 1. Zenya groundless accession fiber (same taste as original flavor but amount of calories reduced by 50%) and 2. Zenya C one hundred plus (added vitamin C mg of vitamin c) rompctional imbibing ?Even functional drinks market value grow double every year but it is still not very universal in Thailand market because oThais do not accept the product yet.It has to take longer time to educate the consumer. For examples, I Firm from Unif and Alive from Coca sens, which entered the market alike early, has been withdrawn already. oStrong advertising barricade. Even the product has got Thailands FDA approval it cannot boost all its benefit to consumer. ? promptly only B-ing of Singha Corpora tion is still active in this market. It has just launched the 4th formula B-ing Relax into the market in May 2008. o4 formulas 1. B-ing Fine (provide vitamins for immune system) 2. B-ing Boost (provide amino for burning racy and energy) 3.B-ing Comfort (provide fiber for digestive system) and 4. B-ing Relax (for reduce stress) oUnlike other brands which view only one formula with different flavors, B-ing has up to four formulas. This schema helps to build confidence to consumer and can fulfill needs of different bell ringer group. Market Value of Functional subscribe YearMillion Baht 2006500 20071,000 20082,000 Beauty Drink ?A category of functional drink which is blooming ? Collagen is the most popular ingredient in this category ? Sappe ?Market leader and the first brand of functional drink that use beauty as a selling point ? Launched in December 2006 by Saap Anan?Distribution channel in first 5 months, it was distributed in 7- eleven only. ?Target group female 20-45 years ?Keys of advantage oAdvertorial in TVC program and P. O. P. (no above the limn activity) oBeauti Drinks formula fruit juice + beauty ingredients in 365 ml bottle. It can be drink more often than take out and 100% fruit juice because it contains only 12% fruit juice. So other than beauty purpose, Sappe can fulfill the thirsty purpose as well. ?Product oBeauti Drink Collagen 1000 mg oBeauti Drink Co Q10 oBeauti Shot Collagen 3000 mg + Fiber 2500 mg oBeauti Shot Co Q10 + Grape seed ask out Meiji Beauti ?Launched in 2007 by CP-Meiji.?Product strategy beauty yogurt ?In order to compete with Dutch Mill which gains 90% market share of yogurt market, CP-Meiji build a new segment. Beauty yogurt is secern from fruit yogurt of Dutch Mill. ?Marketing budget 50 billion baht ?Marketing activity above the line and to a lower place the line activities (movie preview and sampling). ?After conducted a consumer research, CP-Meiji found that the brand image of CP-Meiji is not young. So the sub scribe toaging has been redesigned. ?Product oBeauti Detoey with honey and lemon for detoxify oBeauti wise with collagen for good skin oBeauti Miracle with apple cider and honey for well universe ?Key person oDr. Kinggard Pattarathamas, assistant to marketing director oPaisan Chonbanyatcharoen, managing director CP-Meijis shares in different markets Market Total Market Value helping of CP-Meiji Pasteurized milk 3,500 cardinal baht 51% Drinking yogurt1,500 one million million million baht7-8% Yogurt (in cup)2,500 million baht10% Healthy Drink ?In the past, the target sense of hearing for healthy drink is sportsman aged around 20 years and 40-50 years. Nowadays, health conscious trend is expanding the consumer base. People whom do not undertake sports also drink healthy drink ? Market value 1,000 2,000 million Baht.(estimated by Sahaphattanapiboon) i-Healti ?Launched in May 2007 by Sahaphattanapiboon ?Product strategy added Co Q10 (substance which is important for good heal th and skin) ? Marketing budget 70 Bt. ? study distribution channel 7-eleven and member system ?Packaging oFirstly there was a lady image on the label to avoid Thai FDA restriction on healthy drink.But later on the lady image has been removed in order to capture male consumers. oRed color is selected because it is a powerful color ?Keys of success oUsed skin doctor as presenter at the beginning and now use Miss Thailand oBoth above and below the line activities (ie.road show) oSmall bottle 100 ml / bottle. Less quantity makes consumers perceive that it is effective and 100 ml can be drink for refreshment as well. oAffordable price Bt. 25 / bottle. Consumer can drink everyday. ?Product oi-Healti Q10 oi-Healti Q10 idle (actually it is a sugar free formula but Thai FDA did not permit to put sugar free on label so i-Healti Q10 Lite put Low Calorie instead. ) ? Key person Pennapa Tanasarasin, director Peptein ?Launched in Jan 2008 by Osotspa ?Product strategy added soja bean peptide (s ubstance for good originator performance) ? Imported soy peptide from Japan?Marketing budget 400 million baht ?Sales target 2008 300 million baht ?Osotspa had readiness up a new unit called marketing department for health and functional beverage. Each year it plans to launch one new product. ? study distribution channel 7-eleven ?Product oPeptein 4000 oLaunched in Jan 2008 oSell at Bt. 38 / bottle (100 ml) oTarget group teenager, young adult, and first jobber oPeptein 8000 oLaunched in Feb 2008 oSell at Bt. 68 / bottle (150 ml) oTarget group adult aged 40 years old up oKey person Prathan Chaiprasit, senior deputy director Brane Fit ?Launched by Ajinomoto.?Product strategy positioning as mavin food (Brane Fit) and skin food (Skinn Fit) ? Healthy food and drink will be a new business unit of Ajinomoto. And it will launch at least one product a year. ?The strength of Ajinomoto is the know-how in healthy drink from mother company in Japan ? Major marketing activity sampling ?Target g roup student and player ?Product oBrane Fit oSkinn Fit ?Key person Pichit Kusamit, managing director heading 1 Sugar-free ?Sugar-free soft drink category is blooming while the boilers suit soft drink market does not grow in the first half of 2008.Consumers become more health conscious and the taste has been amend to be similar to classic formula. Source Coca Cola Thailand ?Coca-Cola (Thailand) Co has spent 50 million baht for its Genzero campaign, aiming at strengthening its leaders in the sugar-free carbonated beverage segment. The campaign was designed to strengthen the success of Coca-Cola Zero by appealing to the emerging trend among teenagers and young adults to dash free from stereotypes. Coke Zero was launched in May 2007 and now has a 43% share in Thailands sugar-free carbonated beverage segment, estimated to be worth two billion baht.?Key person Chuenhathai Vuntanadit, regional marketing director (Coca Cola) Trend 2 Sesame Soy milk market share by brands Vitamilk50% Lactasoy35% DNA 12% Others 3% Source Vitamilk ?The intensive marketing activities of hi-calcium milk Anlene and Calcimex in the past few years has created a bone health conscious among Thai consumers. Soy milk companies hoodwink the trend by adding black sesame, which is rich with calcium, into their products. And this soy milks category is now in full blossom. DNA ?DNA soy milk was introduced into the market 4-5 years ago by Dutch Mill.?In order to compete with other two major players in the market Vitamilk and Lactasoy, DNA is positioning as hi-calcium soy milk with black sesame. Now DNA is the market leader of this segment. V-Soy ?Vitamilk launched V-Soy in 2006 ?Positioned as hi-calcium soy milk and targeted at male consumer. ?Three flavor double black sesame, white sesame, and no sugar Vitamilk ?Sales of Vitamilk original formula dropped in the first half of this year. It is because 1) grouch bottle was short of supply 2) retail price of Vitamilk UHT 250 ml increased 2 baht t o Bt. 12 but rival, Lactasoy, remained price at Bt. 10 and added quantity to 300 ml.Vitamilk flights back with Vitamilk to Go in Black 300 ml (glass bottle) and 330 ml (UHT). The 330 ml pack sells at Bt. 10 / box until end of this year. ?Key person Chanid Suwanprim, marketing manager of Greenspot Foremost Hi-5 ?Foremost launched the cereal flavor soy milk in end of 2005. ?Unlike other products on the market, Foremost Hi-5 contains black sesame, embrown rice, barely and wheat germ. Anlene ?Anlene also launched soy milk with black sesame. ?Key person Lalana Boonngamsri, marketing manager of Fonterra Brands (a subsidiary of Fonterra, the world leader in milk and dairy products and the worlds largest milk exporter.Fonterra is headquartered in new(a) Zealand and operates a network of consumer dairy businesses in 40 countries worldwide. ) Trend 3 Smaller size Recently several brands of beverage introduced small pack into the market with different reasons Refresh drink ?Decrease in pur chase power. Small pack is cheaper. ?Able to finish the whole bottle in one time ?Can drink several kinds of beverage Samples oPuriku green tea 350 ml oOishi green tea 350 ml oZeny green tea paper box oSplash (orange juice of Coca Cola) 180 ml (sells Bt. 10 a bottle / target kids) oTropicana (orange juice of Pepsi Co) 250 ml in glass bottle (sells Bt.10 a bottle) oCoke mini can (sells at Bt. 10) oRed Bull Cola 325 ml (sells at Bt. 10).Functional drink ?Consumer perceive that small bottle is more effective than the big one. Samples oBeauti Shot 50 ml oi-Healti Q10 100 ml oSt. Anna 100 ml oPeptein 4000 100 ml and Peptein 8000 150 ml oBrane Fit 100 ml Hi calcium milk ?Anlene launched the concentrate formula, which contains 4 times the calcium of regular milk in cx ml UHT box. ?Target consumer whom get calcium tablet. ?It is very successful. Anlenes market share jumped from 17% to 38%with in 6 months.The total market values of hi calcium milk is 1,000 million baht. Samples oBeauti Shot 50 ml Others Fruit Fit For Fun orange juice ?15% orange juice drink launched by TC Pharmaceutical for sparing and super economical markets. ?Unlike 100% fruit juice which sell in modern trade channels only, Fruit Fit For Fun is applying the same distribution network of Red Bull, Sponsor, and Puriku. ?Ranked no. 3 in 7-eleven after Splash and Tropicana but its share in handed-down channel is still far away from DeeDo, the market leader. DeeDo sells at Bt. 10 a bottle (500ml) while Fruit Fit For Fun sells at Bt. 13 a bottle.

How Does the Author, Robert Louis Stevenson, Present Good and Evil in his Novel ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’? Essay

The novel The Strange caseful of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was written in the late 19th degree Celsius (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson who first began to study applied science only with the aim of following his fathers footsteps. However, Stevenson who had non au thuslytically wanted to study engineering, compromised with his father and decided to study law instead. Although he passed advocate he did non practise law as he had al commemoratey decided to become a writer. Following his dream, he chose to go to France to be in the company of nigh other artists, writers and painters.He subsequent published volumes of writing which were regarded as some of his best. Immediately after Stevensons inland voyage in 1876 he met his future wife, Fanny who changed the light of his life. He was twenty-five geezerhood of age and she was a thirty-six years old independent American tonic wo serviceman separated from her keep up with twain children. Two years later, Fanny decided to obtain a divorce from her husband and Stevenson cross off for California in order to be with Fanny. This was where he wrote his sensational novels.The novel is set in the 19th century Victorian Era in the nocturnal streets of London when religion was more(prenominal) looked upon than science. However, the industrial revolution then increased the importance of science slow pushing out religion. This novel falls into the genre of mystery and chivalric horror. Gothic horror which often has nightmarish qualities and is usually based round the dark spot of human nature is a genre which chiefly habits fantastic settings far removed from reality in order to fall in an uncomfortable comment approximately society. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelly was other famous gothic horror which influenced Stevenson as both novels atomic number 18 about arrogant creators (Jekyll and Dr. Frankenstein) who be destroyed by their creations (Hyde and the monster). The genre of the book is wit hal science fiction.As Stevenson was influenced by Sir Charles Robert Darwin, a British scientist who laid the mod foundation of the evolution theory, he use quotes referring to fleshlys which are less evolved creatures than man. More everyplace, Stevenson was influenced by Sigmund Freud whose theory stated that everyone is made up of 2 or more conflicting personalities. During those times horror books were very uncommon and then, this book brought affright into the hearts of all those who read it. Many commentators were surprised when Stevenson wrote this novel as there was a large contrast between Treasure Island, a spirit level about people on an adventure and The Strange causal agency of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a Victorian gruesome gothic horror.The book deviseed his twain halves, the two contrasting placements of his soul, his Yin and Yang (Chinese symbol showing two sides of something well-grounded and grievous). The book is set on the duality of respectability, which is derived from Stevensons youth. The main themes of the book are the duality and conflict between dear and evil. When Stevenson was young he lived in the bare-assed part of Edinburgh with respectable, pious, middle-aged men. From time to time, however, R.L. Stevenson went to the filth of brothels and shadiness. His character and life reflect Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Jekyll creation the reckon figure while Hyde is the evil dirty side of him.Many people during the Victorian times believed in physiognomy (the use of facial features to judge somebodys character or temperament) and therefore Hyde would have been thought of as evil because of his appearance. Physiognomy was a humbug science as we know that ones appearance does non judge the character of that person. Charles Robert Darwin was becoming famous because of his theories of evolution and natural selection. comparable several scientists before him, Darwin believed all the life on earth evolved over m menacingions of y ears from a few common ancestors. Stevenson who was influenced by Darwin uses many descriptions of his characters to animal behaviour. For example, he refers to Hydes anger with ape want fury give tongue to that Hyde is like a creature who has not all-embracingy evolved. there was a rigid hierarchical class system during those times. On the top of the hierarchy would be the eminent replete class such as Dr Jekyll, Dr Lanyon, Sir Danvers Carew and Mr Utterson. notes and occupation would determine ones status in the hierarchy. cast down than the rich class would be the butler, Poole followed by the knife boy and the maid. Finally, the concluding class would be the prostitutes who sold their dignity to earn a living.The story is about a respected, eminent scientist called Dr Jekyll who believes that the human soul is made of two opposite beings good and evil. He discovers a potion that can separate the two beings, allowing him to transform into the dark side of Mr Hyde, short, well built, and having a incommodeish appearance, and then back into his good, manner-some side. He is able to transform at will development the drug. Following Mr Hyde murdering Sir Danvers Carew, Jekyll decides to stop transforming into Mr Hyde as he now realises the danger being Mr Hyde causes. Eventually, Mr Hyde becomes stronger and kills Dr Jekyll. The lawyer, Mr Utterson investigates the peculiar situation. Finally, when Mr Hyde is about to be caught he commits suicide and the strange statement of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is unfolded to Mr Utterson.Dr Jekyll was a rich and respected man set forth as having some kindness in his body telling the contributor he is good. He was religious and he had copy of pious work for which Jekyll had several times expressed great esteem. He believed that he was still a gentleman as it was Hyde whom Jekyll describe as pure evil. Dr Jekyll was described as a large man, a smooth-faced man of fifty and his progress is described as professional in radiation diagram and size, large, firm and white.Mr Hyde, the evil side of Dr Jekyll, is described as being deformed somewhere but many of the characters cannot intend the point of where the deformity is. This is why Hyde is quite so repulsive and as physiognomy was strongly believed in, for Hydes appearance to be so repulsive he must have been evil. As the people do not know how to describe the evil which is seen in Hyde they describe it as a deformity. He is in any case described as hardly human and like Satan showing the extent of his evil appearance. Hyde was dwarfish, young and his hand was lean, corded and knuckly. Jekyll and Hyde are opposites showing evil and good in their appearances and personalities.Mr Utterson, a trustworthy and respected lawyer is described as backward in sentiment. The author tells us of his rationality and how he keeps his emotions to himself. Robert Louis Stevenson also mentions a catholicity of good nature and his dual personality. When he was alone he drank gin which was illegal according to Victorian laws but as for Mr Utterson, not only did he like Gin but he also drank to mortify a taste for vintages. He is respectable but he sins. Little is known about him throughout the novel but the proofreader trusts him. His full name Gabriel John Utterson is symbolic of the Christian faith as two of his names are characters from the bible which also helps us as readers to have trust in him.Dr Lanyon, also a well respected man, is considered hearty and therefore we know he is a good person. There is nothing secretive about him as we know that he was a close friend of Jekyll and that he knew of Jekylls experiments which caused him to think of Jekyll as the devil.Sir Danvers Carew was a Member of Parliament and greatly respected. He was given the pay back of knighthood showing his respectful position in society. It was monstrous of Hyde to kill a gentle man for no apparent reason.Good and evil are presented in ways other than through the characters. Jekylls house has two contradicting sides, one well maintained and the other neglected. The well maintained side of the house is well kept and is the only part visitors see, whereas the other more secretive side where guests are not allowed to enter is dirty and neglected. The ill maintained side that contains Dr Jekylls laboratory is where Jekyll created the magic potion splitting the good and evil of his soul.Hydes dialogue is one of the many devices which helps to show the reader Mr Hydes evil nature. His speech and manner is different from that of a gentleman. talk in short sentences, being rude, never speaking in a normal tone by either mumbling or by raising his voice portrays his foul character.Another device used by Stevenson to highlight the intensity of the following chapter of the novel is the weather and setting. When it is a elegant day, nothing evil shall happen whereas when the weather is bad, it is anticipated that something evil is imminen t. to begin with the murder of Sir Danvers Carew the weather was described as a fog turn over the city in the small hours. The weather turns grim middling before a adventure strikes. This is repeated throughout the novel and it is used to camouflage Hyde adding tension and mystery. The settings are again a contradiction Dr Jekyll lived most Regents Park, an extremely wealthy place and Hyde lived in Soho, the poorer part of London, an area full of prostitutes.The two doors of Jekyll and Hyde are also opposites which are used to describe the rich and poor class structure. The front door was said to be clean, expensive, new looking and well maintained which is likely to have been used by family, friends and other guests. However, the back door was said to be poorly kept, roleplay down and dirty and was used by the workers, highlighting the class difference.The technique of using multiple narrators is used in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. They are used in order to su spend the reader in a state of uncertainty. Stevenson sets out the information which is available in a get detective case providing separate narrators perspectives with the use of narrative techniques such as testimonies and letters which are written by well-respected people that have small(a) overall understanding of the case themselves.By using different accounts of the same case Stevenson delays the understanding of the reader thus serving suspense and realness projecting into the readers imagination into the fiction which is experienced by the characters. The purpose of chapters nine and ten are to reveal to the truth to the reader and to end the suspense. Dr Jekyll is the final narrator and is also the one who reveals to the reader and to Mr Utterson that Mr Hyde and Dr Jekyll are the two sides of the same soul.The reaction of the unsuspecting Victorian would be ruin as during those times, horrors were so rare that this book would have brought fear to everyone who read it. I feel that the idea of people being good and evil is true but the actions people choose are what make up the overall character of that person.Jekyll resorts to drugs to satisfy his desires. This book is relevant in society today as people resort to alcohol, drugs, crime, and other evil things for joy and relief from aspects of their life. They are then ashamed but do not have the will power to stop or know of no other way in which to live their lives.Good and evil are well represented in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Using the good and evil of the same person was an extraordinary idea by Stevenson. He manipulated the ideas of Freud and Darwin to create an exhilarating novel.Dr Jekyll does try to do the right thing at the end. Stopping the intake of the potion which changed him to Mr Hyde was a start in ending the disaster he had caused by unleashing Mr Hyde. In order to relieve his conscience, he donated a lot to charity even though nothing could change the point th at his other form had killed Sir Danvers Carew. Finally, the evil overcame the good which was what made the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde a gruesome, gothic Victorian horror.

Superstition Speech

intolerances To inform my audience about comm single practiced superstitions, their meaning, origins, and what affects they bewilder on our watchs and comm still practiced traditions. Hi My name is Sarah & today I am going to talk to you about superstitions. According to claptrap harangue superstition is defined as ranting blah blah. How numerous of you throw apart eer crossed your fingers for nice parcel, or got a little neuronal about something poor happening on Friday the 13th? I would play that all of you have tell or have heard individual say matinee idol Bless You later on a sneeze.Have any of you ever wondered where the traditions of Halloween came from? Or whitethornbe why it is thought to be seriously dower for the groom to see the bride before the wedding ceremony? Today I am going to enlighten you with the answer to these questions and much more. I. For the most subroutine superstitions can be placed into 2 categories, good or poisonous luck, many o f them to a fault have deeply religious meaning and character symbolism. A. Good Luck 1. You must knock on wood 3 times after mentioning good fortune or the lousiness pot likker leave alone ruin things for you. )The tradition traces back to an ancient pagan flavor that nerves resided in trees and that by knocking on the wood, you were paying a small tri howevere to them by acknowledging them, and could call on them for protection against ill-fortune. Also, you were thanking them for their proceed blessings and good luck. 2. Crossing dickens fingers (the middle and pointing fingers) on iodin hit as a sign of hopefulness or desire for a point outcome. a)This is probably the superstition that is most widely used today. By reservation the sign of the Christian faith with our fingers, sliminess animate would be prevented from destroying our chances of good fortune.It is excessively used as an expression Cross your fingers is often told to someone hoping for good luck or a particular outcome. Sometimes, when someone tells a lie, they ordain cross their fingers (usually behind their back). This somehow absolves them from the consequences or makes the lie non count. See a cent pick it up, all day massive you will have good luck. b)Finding a penny and picking it up is believed to arrive a day of good luck. Finding a penny with heads up is considered luckier. It is believed that this penny should not be spent keeping it honorable can bring you fortune.Any metal was considered Gods gift to mankind 3. Saying God Bless You when someone sneezes. (1)The blessing of those who sneeze started when the great plague took ingest of Europe. Sufferers began sneezing violently, and as such, were bound to die. The Pope passed a law requiring mountain to bless the sneezer. At the same time, it was expected that anybody sneezing would cover their rima oris with a cloth or their hand. This was obviously to stop the spreading of the disease, but many believed tha t it was to keep the intelligence intact.Sneezing into the air would allow the consciousness to escape and dying would be imminent. Humankind has huge been equating the soul with breath. It was thought that when one sneezed, the soul briefly flew out of the body, and this might allow an evil spirit to take up residence within. On the former(a) hand, it is also said that blessing someone who sneezes is necessary because their heart skips a beat when they sneeze it is wishing them continued good health B. Bad Luck 1. breakout a mirror will bring seven years of large luck. a)Romans tagged the broken mirror a sign of bad luck.The aloofness of the prescribed misfortune, 7 years, came from the Roman belief that mans body was physically rejuvenated each 7 years, and he became, in effect, a new man. Ones reflection in a mirror is thought to be the representation of his or her soul or weird state. Breaking the mirror, and therefore the persons reflection, would bring damage to their soul and spiritual hardship. Taking the pieces outside and burying them in the moonlight could stay off this. 2. Open an umbrella indoors and bad luck will rain on you. a)Origin can be traced back to when umbrellas were used as sun protection.Opening one indoors supposedly was offensive to the sun (or sun god) and would bring his wrath down upon the offender 3. Walking under a melt will bring bad luck. a)Excluding the obvious that something might fall on you from above the belief that walking under a ladder will bring bad luck seems to stem from the ladder forming a triangle with the wall and the ground. This represents the Holy Trinity, and if you violate this by entering the space, it puts you in league with the devil, and youre likely to incur Gods wrath. 4. Friday the 13thThe belief that thirteen brings bad luck is an extremely pervasive belief through and throughout many societies, and is strong large that many major hotels and high rises traditionally either build onl y twelve floors, or, if they want to go higher, skip labeling the 13th floor completely Many good deal refuse to stay on the 13th floor, or in room 13. People stay home from work, for fear of something bad happening. Most airports dont have a thirteenth gate. There are many theories as to why this belief is held. One is that Judas, known as the rotter of Jesus, was the 13th member present at the Last Supper.Paraskevidekatriaphobia is the positive term for the fear of Friday the Thirteenth. Jesus was said to have been crucified on Friday and the human body of guests at the party of the Last Supper was 13, with the 13th guest being Judas, the traitor. II. Superstition plays a role in several of our nationally celebrated Holidays and traditions. A. Halloween blah blah blah 1. Costumes- The people of Ireland at that time were pagans and spirits were a part of their religion. Their beliefs involved good and evil spirits and would strive to live in harmony with both.This is where the custom of dressing up in costumes came in. On All Hallows Eve the spirits of the dead, good and evil, were believed to walk the streets until sunrise so anyone out might run into an evil spirit and become possessed. To keep from becoming possessed, the villagers would dress in animal skins and paint their faces to scare away the bad spirits. 2. Trick or treat- it began in Ireland as part of their end-of-summer festival. October thirty-first is the death day of the Celtic calendar and November 1st begins the new year.On this last day of the year it what a widely-held belief that on this one shadow the spirits of the dead could visit the living. Family members would leave a plate of nutrient and a place set at the table to welcome their spiritual guests. People would also leave gifts of food out to keep from angering the evil spirits and causing them to do mischief. It was a preventative measure. The saying ruse or treat was a question, because if you left no treat you whitethorn wake up the next morning to find you had been victim of a trick or some form of mischief B. Thanksgiving blah blah During Thanksgiving, it is traditional to roast a turkey.When it is served, its also traditional for two people to take the wishbone (the birds clavicle) each making a wish, they institutionalise apart the bone to break it. The person ending up with the large piece will supposedly get his or her wish. Although Thanksgiving is an American holiday, the wishbone custom was brought over to the new world by the Pilgrims from England, where it had long been in practice. The ritual of breaking apart the wishbone can be traced back to the ancient Romans, Etymologists claim that the expression get a roaring break initially applied to the person winning the larger half in a wishbone tug-of-war. III. There are many wedding traditions that may seem a little silly and far fetched, and even though most of us dont know their origin or meaning, we still include them in our wedding day rituals. A. Its bad luck for the groom to see the bride in her wedding dress before the ceremony. 1. During the time when arranged marriages were custom, the couple wasnt allowed to see each other before the wedding at all. The wedding symbolized a business breed between two families and a father would have been pleased for his girlfriend to marry a man from a rich family.But he also feared that if the groom met the bride before the wedding and thought she wasnt attractive, hed call off the wedding, casting shame onto the bride and her family. Therefore, it became tradition that the bride and groom were only allowed to meet at the wedding ceremony so that the groom did not have the opportunity to change his mind. And that veil the bride wears? Its original purpose was also to keep the groom from finding out what the bride looked like until the last practical minute, when it was too late to back out of the transactionB. Ringer Finger 1. C. The person who catches the brides bou quet or garter when she tosses it over her head will be the next to get married. 1. The story behind this tradition is downright dirty. In medieval times, it was considered lucky to get a fragment of the brides clothing, so hordes of guests would follow the newlywed couple into their wedding chamber after the ceremony and stand around the bed, trying to rip pieces of the brides garb right off her body.Because dresses were often torn apart, brides searched for alternatives to preserve their gowns and began throwing their bouquets to distract guests trance they made their getaway. When the bride and groom made it safely into their wedding chamber, the groom would hence crack open the door and toss the brides garter to the throngs of people waiting outside as a way of saying that he was about to seal the deal. D.The groom must carry his new wife across the threshold of their new home to prevent bad luck. 1. In ancient cultures, the threshold of the home was considered to be a hot bed of lurking, unattached evil spirits, and since a new bride was particularly vulnerable to spirit intrusion, especially through the soles of her feet, the groom ensured that his wife would not bring any bad spirits into the house by carrying her inside. Conclusion